PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

The pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharpaceutical for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or brands medications and medical devices. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that govern the patening, testing, safety, efficacy and marketing of drugs.
  
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HOW MEDICINS WORK

  US APPROVAL FOR DRUG THAT TURNS HERPES VIRUS AGAINST CANCER

  

The FDA is allowing the injectable drug Imlygic, made by Amgen Inc, to be used at first only on melanomas that cannot be removed surgically. The company said a single course would cost about $65,000 depending on the length of the treatment.The drug is injected directly into tumour tissue, where it uses herpes as a Trojan horse to slip past and rupture cancer cells. The drug combines a gene snippet meant to stimulate the immune system with a modified version of the herpes simplex virus — the kind that causes mouth cold sores.
Despite the drug’s groundbreaking approach FDA officials stressed it had not been shown to extend life. Instead company studies showed that about 16% of patients injected with the drug saw their tumours shrink, compared with 2% of patients who took more conventional cancer drugs. That effect lasted at least six months. 

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 NEW SUBJECT

On the next term(2nd term) our class and I are going to be working in biomedicin and scientifict research on this "world".

At all, we are going to do a work in little groups relationated to this theme of helth. I think tha publishing here this little work would be interesting and informative. So in a month more or less ypu wold have a new intro with more information about this issue.

AUTOEVALUATION

Fistly, I expect that this subjec will be more interesting and more practical at all. Instead of doing  entrees in blogs and reading theorical thing as Galileo Galilei's biography.

However, my accittude acording to this subject inste be the best and the most interested. All in all im gonna be more positivr and interested in thisd subject the next term.

Origin of life

PANSPERMIA
Perhaps life did not begin on Earth at all, but was brought here from elsewhere in space, a notion known as pansoermia  For instance, rocks regularly get blasted off Mars by cosmic impacts, and a number of Martian meteorites have been found on Earth that some researchers have controversially suggested brought microbes over here, potentially making us all Martians originally. Other scientists have even suggested that life might have hitchhiked on comets from other star systems. However, even if this concept were true, the question of how life began on Earth would then only change to how life began elsewhere space.

SIMPLE BEGINNINGS
Instead of developing from complex molecules such as RNA, life might have begun with smaller molecules interacting with each other in cycles of reactions. These might have been contained in simple capsules akin to cell membranes, and over time more complex molecules that performed these reactions better than the smaller ones could have evolved, scenarios dubbed "metabolism-first" models, as opposed to the "gene-first" model of the "RNA world" hypothesis.

RNA WORLD

Nowadays DNA needs proteins in order to form, and proteins require DNA to form, so how could these have formed without each other? The answer may be RNA, which can store information like DNA, serve as an enzyme like proteins, and help create both DNA and proteins. Later DNA and proteins succeeded this "RNA world," because they are more efficient. RNA still exists and performs several functions in organisms, including acting as an on-off switch for some genes. The question still remains how RNA got here in the first place. And while some scientists think the molecule could have spontaneously arisen on Earth, others say that was very unlikely to have happened. 

Other nucleic acids other than RNA have been suggested as well, such as the more esoteric PNA or TNA.

 CHILLY START

Ice might have covered the oceans 3 billion years ago, as the sun was about a third less luminous than it is now. This layer of ice, possibly hundreds of feet thick, might have protected fragile organic compounds in the water below from ultraviolet light and destruction from cosmic impacts. The cold might have also helped these molecules to survive longer, allowing key reactions to happen.

DEEP SEA VENTS

The deep-sea vent theory suggests that life may have begun at submarine hydrothermal vents, spewing key hydrogen-rich molecules. Their rocky nooks could then have concentrated these molecules together and provided mineral catalysts for critical reactions. Even now, these vents, rich in chemical and thermal energy, sustain vibrant ecosystems.

 COMMUNITY CLAY

The first molecules of life might have met on clay, according to an idea elaborated by organic chemist Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. These surfaces might not only have concentrated these organic compounds together, but also helped organize them into patterns much like our genes do now.

The main role of DNA is to store information on how other molecules should be arranged. Genetic sequences in DNA are essentially instructions on how amino acids should be arranged in proteins. Cairns-Smith suggests that mineral crystals in clay could have arranged organic molecules into organized patterns. After a while, organic molecules took over this job and organized themselves. 

ELECTRIC SPARK

Electric sparks can generate amino acids and sugars from an atmosphere loaded with water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen, as was shown in the famous Urey and Miller esperiment reported in 1953, suggesting that lightning might have helped create the key building blocks of life on Earth in its early days. Over millions of years, larger and more complex molecules could form. Although research since then has revealed the early atmosphere of Earth was actually hydrogen-poor, scientists have suggested that volcanic clouds in the early atmosphere might have held methane, ammonia and hydrogen and been filled with lightning as well. 


POWER POINT        Click here to watch images 

 

 

 

 

LISE MEITNER

Lise Meitner was born in Viena (1878) and die in Cambriedge (1968). She was phisycian who investigated the radioactivity and nuclear physics. Her group of scientis discovered the nuclear fusion. She was never consider as a co-author of it for being a woman, so, her college Otto Hahn was prized by the noble award. However, in 1966, her chemistry contributions were reconized and she was awarded Erico Fermi Award in USA.
This discovery is often consider like the best ever made by a woman. So, the 109º element of the periodic table was named meitnerio in her honor.

ONE SIDE MALE AND FEMALE ON THE OTHER

I think that this news is interesting and really enyoiable. The doblegeder could happen in all the types of animals, in each clime of the earth and in each place too. So, if you are anywhere and you see any animal with one half the body different than the other part is because it is suffering this phenomen.

This news is related to the next disciplines:
- Biology, because the gender is investigate by the biology.
- Chemistry, because some chemical changes in the enviroment could cause this.
- Zoology, because is relationated with animals.
- Genetic, because is cause by some genetic changes in theis bodies too.
- Social, people in street is watching this phenomen, and also searching for it.

   

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Refugee crisis : Germany

 This news is about the problems is suffering Europe, in this case Germany with the refugees. Germany is going to strengthen the border controls to control the emigrants number. This step has become neccesary because of the record number of people who is passing borders of Austria to Germany. I agree with this measure. But I think that Europe is suffering this poblems because of the the presidents of the warring countries are more concerned about themselfs interests than their owncitizens.


                                      
 

Hi friends! This blog will have a new use. I will use it for a new subject, scientific culture. I'm sure that you'll like it! I will publish works that my group and I do in this new school course. The publications will be interested in NGOs an social assitments.

DISKOA

DIPLOMA

SAN SEBASTIAN 2015